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Course Notes: Intermediate R
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    lapply() - apply function over list or vector - output = list

    **sapply() ** - apply function over list or vector - try to simplify list to array

    vapply() - apply function over list of vector - explicity specify output format

    # sapply () and vapply ()
cities <- c("New York", "Paris", "London", "Tokyo",
           "Rio de Janerio", "Cape Town")
sapply(cities, nchar)

## vapply ## 
## vapply(X, FUN, FUN.VALUE, ... USE.NAMES = TRUE) ##
vapply(cities, nchar, numeric(1))

## vapply() ## 
## first_and_last <- function(names) {
## 	name <- gsub("", "", name)
##	letters <- strsplit(name, split = "")[[1]]
##	return(c(first = min(letters), last=max(letters)))
##}

sapply(cities, first_and_last)