Course Notes
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The Z score is the standardized value equals the difference between the value and the mean divided by the standard deviation.
The "p" in P-value stands for probability. A p-value is the probability of observing a test statistics. For p-values, small means "close to zero".
The tails of the distribution that are relevant depend on whether the alternative hypothesis refers to "greater than" (right tail), "less than" (left tail), or "differences between" (two tails).
P-values quantify the evidence for the null hypothesis.
The test to compare proportions of successes in a categorical variable across groups of another categorical variable is called a chi-square test of independence.
The test to compare the proportions of a categorical variable to a hypothesized distribution is called a chi-square independence test.
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