Climate Change and Impacts in Africa (R) (public)

Climate Change and Impacts in Africa

According to the United Nations, Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Such shifts can be natural, due to changes in the sun’s activity or large volcanic eruptions. But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas.

The consequences of climate change now include, among others, intense droughts, water scarcity, severe fires, rising sea levels, flooding, melting polar ice, catastrophic storms, and declining biodiversity.

You work for a Non-governmental organization tasked with reporting the state of climate change in Africa at the upcoming African Union Summit. The head of analytics has provided you with IEA-EDGAR CO2 dataset which you will clean, combine and analyze to create a report on the state of climate change in Africa. You will also provide insights on the impact of climate change on African regions (with four countries, one from each African region, as case studies).

Dataset

The dataset, IEA-EDGAR CO2, is a component of the EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG database version 7.0 (2022) including or based on data from IEA (2021) Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy, www.iea.org/statistics, as modified by the Joint Research Centre. The data source was the EDGARv7.0_GHG website provided by Crippa et. al. (2022) and with DOI.

The dataset contains three sheets - IPCC 2006, 1PCC 1996, and TOTALS BY COUNTRY on the amount of CO2 (a greenhouse gas) generated by countries between 1970 and 2021. You can download the dataset from your workspace or inspect the dataset directly here.

TOTALS BY COUNTRY SHEET

This sheet contains the annual CO2 (kt) produced between 1970 - 2021 in each country. The relevant columns in this sheet are:

Columns	Description
`C_group_IM24_sh`	The region of the world
`Country_code_A3`	The country code
`Name`	The name of the country
`Y_1970 - Y_2021`	The amount of CO2 (kt) from 1970 - 2021

IPCC 2006

These sheets contain the amount of CO2 by country and the industry responsible.

Columns	Description
`C_group_IM24_sh`	The region of the world
`Country_code_A3`	The country code
`Name`	The name of the country
`Y_1970 - Y_2021`	The amount of CO2 (kt) from 1970 - 2021
`ipcc_code_2006_for_standard_report_name`	The industry responsible for generating CO2

Instructions

The head of analytics in your organization has specifically asked you to do the following:

Clean and tidy the datasets.
Create a line plot to show the trend of CO2 levels across the African regions.
Determine the relationship between time (Year) and CO2 levels across the African regions.
Determine if there is a significant difference in the CO2 levels among the African Regions.
Determine the most common (top 5) industries in each African region.
Determine the industry responsible for the most amount of CO2 (on average) in each African Region.
Predict the CO2 levels (at each African region) in the year 2025 using linear regression.
Determine if CO2 levels affect annual temperature in the selected African countries using linear regression.

IMPORTANT

Make a copy of this workspace.
Write your code within the cells provided for you. Each of those cells contain the comment "#Your code here".
Next, run the cells containing the checks. We've asked you not to modify these cells. To pass a check, make sure you create the variables mentioned in the instruction tasks. They (the variables) will be verified for correctness; if the cell outputs TRUE your solution passes else the cell will throw an error. We included messages to help you fix these errors.
If you're stuck (even after reviewing related DataCamp courses), then check the solutions.R file. Click Files (left) and download the solutions.R file. We advise you to only look at the solution to your current problem.
Note that workspaces created inside the "I4G 23/24" group are always private to the group and cannot be made public.
If after completion you want to showcase your work on your DataCamp portfolio, use "File > Make a copy" to copy over the workspace to your personal account. Then make it public so it shows up on your DataCamp portfolio.
We hope you enjoy working on this project as we enjoyed creating it. Cheers!

# Setup
library(dplyr)
library(readxl)
library(readr)
library(tidyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(assertthat)
library(broom)
library(stringr)
install.packages("rebus");
library(rebus)

# we need only the African regions
african_regions <- c('Eastern_Africa', 'Western_Africa', 'Southern_Africa', 'Northern_Africa')

ipcc_2006_africa <- read_xlsx("IEA_EDGAR_CO2_1970-2021.xlsx", sheet = 'IPCC 2006', skip = 10) %>% 
  filter(C_group_IM24_sh %in% african_regions)

totals_by_country_africa <- read_xlsx("IEA_EDGAR_CO2_1970-2021.xlsx", sheet = 'TOTALS BY COUNTRY', skip = 10) %>% 
  filter(C_group_IM24_sh %in% african_regions)

# Read the temperatures datasets containing four African countries
# One from each African Region:
# Nigeria:    West Africa
# Ethiopa :   East Africa
# Tunisia:    North Africa
# Mozambique: South Africa
temperatures <- read_csv('temperatures.csv')

# DO NOT MODIFY THIS CELL
# load the tests runner
source('tests.R')

Instruction 1: Clean and tidy the datasets

Tasks

Rename C_group_IM24_sh to Region, Country_code_A3 to Code, and ipcc_code_2006_for_standard_report_name to Industry in the corresponding African datasets.
Drop IPCC_annex, ipcc_code_2006_for_standard_report, and Substance from the corresponding datasets.
Gather Y_1970 to Y_2021 into a two columns Year and CO2. Drop rows where CO2 is missing.
Convert Year to int type.

Hints

Use rename() function to rename columns.
select(-col) will drop a column named col.
You might find pivot_longer() useful.
The as.integer() can be used to convert to integer.


ipcc_2006_africa <- rename(ipcc_2006_africa, Region = C_group_IM24_sh, 
                            Code = Country_code_A3, 
                            Industry = ipcc_code_2006_for_standard_report_name) %>%
  select(-IPCC_annex, -ipcc_code_2006_for_standard_report, -Substance) %>%
  gather(key = Year, value = CO2, Y_1970:Y_2021) %>%
  filter(!is.na(CO2)) %>% 
  mutate(Year = as.integer(str_remove_all(Year, pattern = char_class("Y,_"))))

totals_by_country_africa <- rename(totals_by_country_africa, Region = C_group_IM24_sh, Code = Country_code_A3) %>%
  select(-IPCC_annex, -Substance) %>%
  gather(key = Year, value = CO2, Y_1970:Y_2021) %>%
  filter(!is.na(CO2)) %>% 
  mutate(Year = as.integer(str_remove_all(Year, pattern = char_class("Y,_"))))

# DO NOT MODIFY THIS CELL
# Run this cell to determine if you've done the above correctly
# If there are no error messages, you are correct :)
runner$check_task_1(ipcc_2006_africa, totals_by_country_africa)

Instruction 2: Show the trend of CO2 levels across the African regions

Tasks

Group the totals_by_country_africa dataset by Region and Year and summarise the CO2 column using the mean() function.
Save the summarised column as co2_level and the resulting data frame as co2_level_by_region_per_year.
Create a line plot using ggplot() to show the trend of CO2 levels by Year across the African Regions. For testing purposes, save the line plot as the trend_of_CO2_emission_plot variable.

Hints

You should find group_by() and summarize() verb useful.
Use geom_line() to create a line plot.

totals_by_country_africa %>% 
  group_by(Region, Year) %>%
  summarize(co2_level = mean(CO2)) -> co2_level_by_region_per_year

  ggplot(co2_level_by_region_per_year, aes(Year, co2_level, color = Region)) + geom_line() -> trend_of_CO2_emission_plot

# DO NOT MODIFY THIS CELL
# Run this cell to determine if you've done the above correctly
# If there are no error messages, you are correct :)
# tests
runner$check_task_2(co2_level_by_region_per_year, trend_of_CO2_emission_plot)

Instruction 3: Determine the relationship between time and CO2 levels in each African region

Tasks

Using the totals_by_country_africa dataset, conduct a Spearman's correlation to determine the relationship between time (Year) and CO2 within each African Region.
Save the results in a variable called relationship_btw_time_CO2.

Hints

Use group_by(var_name) function and summarise() function.
Use the cor() function and its method parameter to set the correlation type.

  totals_by_country_africa %>% 
    group_by(Region) %>%
    summarize(r = cor(Year, CO2, method = "spearman")) -> relationship_btw_time_CO2

# DO NOT MODIFY THIS CELL
# Run this cell to determine if you've done the above correctly
# If there are no error messages, you are correct :)
# tests
runner$check_task_3(relationship_btw_time_CO2)

Instruction 4: Determine if there is a significant difference in the `CO2` levels among the African Regions

Tasks

Using totals_by_country_africa, conduct an ANOVA using aov() function on the CO2 by Region. Save the results as aov_results.
Conduct a posthoc test (with Bonferroni correction) to find the source of the significant difference. Save the results as pw_ttest_result.
Is it true that the CO2 levels of the Southern_Africa and Northern_Africa regions do not differ significantly? The previous task should provide you with the answer.

Hints

Type ?aov in an R console to find help running an ANOVA.
Type ?pairwise.t.test in an R console to find help conducting a pairwise t-test.


aov_results <- aov(CO2 ~ Year, totals_by_country_africa)
summary(aov_results)
(pw_ttest_result <- pairwise.t.test(totals_by_country_africa$CO2, totals_by_country_africa$Region, p.adjust.method = "bonferroni"))

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Climate Change and Impacts in Africa (R) (public)

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Dataset

TOTALS BY COUNTRY SHEET

IPCC 2006

Instructions

IMPORTANT

Instruction 1: Clean and tidy the datasets

Tasks

Hints

Instruction 2: Show the trend of CO2 levels across the African regions

Tasks

Hints

Instruction 3: Determine the relationship between time and CO2 levels in each African region

Tasks

Hints

Instruction 4: Determine if there is a significant difference in the CO2 levels among the African Regions

Tasks

Hints

Climate Change and Impacts in Africa

Instruction 4: Determine if there is a significant difference in the `CO2` levels among the African Regions