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在心理学问答数据上微调 NVIDIA Nemotron-3-Nano

学习如何在 RTX 3090 GPU 上,使用 LoRA 与 TRL 微调 NVIDIA Nemotron-3-Nano-4B 于心理学问答数据集,并从 Hugging Face 下载模型后完成训练。
更新 2026年4月29日  · 6分钟

NVIDIA Nemotron-3 是 NVIDIA 新推出的开源模型家族,面向推理、编程、聊天与 Agent 工作流。该系列包含 Nano、Super 与 Ultra 等不同规模的模型,便于开发者在小而高效与大而高性能之间按需选择。

Nemotron-3 的核心更新在于效率。其设计旨在在保持强劲性能的同时,让推理与微调更为务实可行。Nano 版本尤其适合动手试验,因为与更大的模型相比,它能在更易获取的 GPU 配置上运行。

在本指南中,我们将对 NVIDIA Nemotron-3-Nano-4B 进行微调,目标数据集为心理学问答数据集。我们将使用 Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA)、Transformers Reinforcement Learning (TRL) 与 Hugging Face 来准备数据、训练模型、保存适配器、推送至 Hugging Face,并对比微调前后的回答。

若您想快速上手查找最新的开源 AI 模型、构建 AI Agent、微调大语言模型,建议报名我们的 Hugging Face Fundamentals 技能路径。

1. 环境配置

Nemotron-3 Nano 采用混合架构,因此需要正确安装与 Mamba 相关的包。在 Jupyter 笔记本中,我们先移除现有的 PyTorch 组件,并重新安装可与固定版本 mamba_ssmcausal_conv1d 协同工作的 PyTorch 2.7.1(CUDA 12.8 构建)。

同时安装核心微调库,包括 transformerstrlacceleratedatasetspeft 以及 huggingface_hub

%%capture
!pip install -U packaging ninja

# Replace the current PyTorch stack with the CUDA 12.8 build that works with these Mamba kernel pins.
!pip uninstall -y torch torchvision torchaudio triton

!pip install "torch==2.7.1" "torchvision==0.22.1" "torchaudio==2.7.1" --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu128

!pip install -U "transformers==4.56.2" tokenizers "trl==0.22.2" accelerate datasets peft pandas tqdm huggingface_hub safetensors

!pip install -U --no-build-isolation "mamba_ssm==2.2.5" "causal_conv1d==1.5.2"

安装完成后,检查 CUDA 是否可用,以及 PyTorch 是否能识别您的 GPU。本笔记本针对 24GB 显存的 GPU 做了调优,如果您的 GPU 显存更小,将会给出提示。

import os
import platform
import torch

print(f"Python: {platform.python_version()}")
print(f"PyTorch: {torch.__version__}")
print(f"PyTorch CUDA build: {torch.version.cuda}")
print(f"CUDA available: {torch.cuda.is_available()}")

if not torch.cuda.is_available():
   raise RuntimeError(
       "CUDA is not available. Select a RunPod PyTorch image with GPU support."
   )

for idx in range(torch.cuda.device_count()):
   props = torch.cuda.get_device_properties(idx)
   total_gb = props.total_memory / 1024**3
   print(
       f"GPU {idx}: {props.name} ({total_gb:.1f} GB VRAM, capability {props.major}.{props.minor})"
   )

if torch.cuda.get_device_properties(0).total_memory < 24 * 1024**3:
   print(
       "Warning: this 4B LoRA notebook is tuned for GPUs with at least 24GB VRAM. Reduce batch sizes on smaller GPUs."
   )

torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = True
torch.backends.cudnn.allow_tf32 = True

输出:

Python: 3.12.3
PyTorch: 2.7.1+cu128
PyTorch CUDA build: 12.8
CUDA available: True
GPU 0: NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090 (23.6 GB VRAM, capability 8.6)
Warning: this 4B LoRA notebook is tuned for GPUs with at least 24GB VRAM. Reduce batch sizes on smaller GPUs.

将您的 Hugging Face token 设置为名为 HF_TOKEN 的环境变量。这样笔记本即可下载 Nemotron-3 模型,并在稍后将微调后的 LoRA 适配器推送至 Hugging Face。

from huggingface_hub import login

hf_token = os.environ.get("HF_TOKEN")
if not hf_token:
   raise ValueError(
       "Set HF_TOKEN in the RunPod environment before running this notebook."
   )

login(token=hf_token)
print("Logged in to Hugging Face.")

2. 加载与处理数据集

接下来,我们将从 Hugging Face 加载心理学问答数据集。数据集包含一个 question 列以及两个回答列:response_jresponse_k。在本指南中,我们将使用 response_j 作为监督微调的目标答案。

我们先加载数据集,使用固定随机种子打乱以保证可复现性,并创建训练集、验证集和测试集。

from datasets import DatasetDict, load_dataset

DATASET_ID = "jkhedri/psychology-dataset"
TRAIN_LIMIT = 8000
VALIDATION_LIMIT = 800
TEST_LIMIT = 300
SEED = 42

raw_dataset = load_dataset(DATASET_ID)
raw_train = raw_dataset["train"].shuffle(seed=SEED)

split_1 = raw_train.train_test_split(test_size=0.15, seed=SEED)
split_2 = split_1["test"].train_test_split(test_size=0.33, seed=SEED)


def maybe_limit(split, limit):
    if limit is None:
        return split
    return split.select(range(min(limit, len(split))))


dataset = DatasetDict(
    {
        "train": maybe_limit(split_1["train"], TRAIN_LIMIT),
        "validation": maybe_limit(split_2["train"], VALIDATION_LIMIT),
        "test": maybe_limit(split_2["test"], TEST_LIMIT),
    }
)

dataset

输出:

DatasetDict({
    train: Dataset({
        features: ['question', 'response_j', 'response_k'],
        num_rows: 8000
    })
    validation: Dataset({
        features: ['question', 'response_j', 'response_k'],
        num_rows: 800
    })
    test: Dataset({
        features: ['question', 'response_j', 'response_k'],
        num_rows: 300
    })
})

在将数据集格式化为训练输入前,先检查列名并查看一个示例。这有助于确认数据集加载正确,且包含预期的提问与回答字段。

dataset["train"].column_names, dataset["train"][0]

输出:

(
    ['question', 'response_j', 'response_k'],
    {
        'question': "I'm experiencing anxiety about social situations and don't know how to cope.",
        'response_j': "Social anxiety can be a difficult and isolating experience, but there are effective treatments available. Let's work on developing coping mechanisms, such as deep breathing and mindfulness, and exposure therapy to gradually confront your fears. We can also explore ways to improve social skills and build self-confidence.",
        'response_k': "Just avoid social situations. It's not worth the anxiety and discomfort. You can also try using alcohol or drugs to help you feel more comfortable in social settings."
    }
)

3. 为 TRL 微调格式化数据集

现在我们将数据集转换为 TRL 期望的提示-完成(prompt-completion)格式。每个样本都包含系统提示、用户的心理学问题,以及来自 response_j 的目标助手回复。

系统提示用于指示模型如何作答:保持支持性,避免隐藏推理痕迹,给出可行建议,并避免扮演持证心理健康专业人士。

SYSTEM_PROMPT = """/no_think
You are a supportive psychology question-answering assistant.
Do not include hidden reasoning, thinking traces, <think> tags, or </think> tags in the final answer.
Respond with empathy, practical coping suggestions, and clear next steps.
Give a complete answer in 2-4 short paragraphs or a brief paragraph plus 3-5 practical bullets.
Do not diagnose the user or claim to replace a licensed mental health professional.
If the user may be in immediate danger or crisis, encourage contacting local emergency services or a trusted crisis hotline.
Keep the answer safe, specific, and directly relevant to the user's question without being overly brief."""

CHAT_TEMPLATE_KWARGS = {"enable_thinking": False}
USER_TEMPLATE = "Question:\n\n{question}"


def clean_text(value):
   return " ".join(str(value).strip().split())


def to_prompt_completion(example):
   question = clean_text(example["question"])
   answer = clean_text(example["response_j"])

   return {
       "prompt": [
           {"role": "system", "content": SYSTEM_PROMPT},
           {"role": "user", "content": USER_TEMPLATE.format(question=question)},
       ],
       "completion": [
           {"role": "assistant", "content": answer},
       ],
       "chat_template_kwargs": CHAT_TEMPLATE_KWARGS,
   }


sft_dataset = dataset.map(
   to_prompt_completion, remove_columns=dataset["train"].column_names
)

sft_dataset["train"][0]

输出:

{
   'prompt': [
       {
           'role': 'system',
           'content': "/no_think\nYou are a supportive psychology question-answering assistant.\nDo not include hidden reasoning, thinking traces, <think> tags, or </think> tags in the final answer.\nRespond with empathy, practical coping suggestions, and clear next steps.\nGive a complete answer in 2-4 short paragraphs or a brief paragraph plus 3-5 practical bullets.\nDo not diagnose the user or claim to replace a licensed mental health professional.\nIf the user may be in immediate danger or crisis, encourage contacting local emergency services or a trusted crisis hotline.\nKeep the answer safe, specific, and directly relevant to the user's question without being overly brief."
       },
       {
           'role': 'user',
           'content': "Question:\n\nI'm experiencing anxiety about social situations and don't know how to cope."
       }
   ],
   'completion': [
       {
           'role': 'assistant',
           'content': "Social anxiety can be a difficult and isolating experience, but there are effective treatments available. Let's work on developing coping mechanisms, such as deep breathing and mindfulness, and exposure therapy to gradually confront your fears. We can also explore ways to improve social skills and build self-confidence."
       }
   ],
   'chat_template_kwargs': {'enable_thinking': False}
}

4. 加载 Nemotron-3 基座模型

接下来,我们将从 Hugging Face 加载 NVIDIA Nemotron-3 Nano 4B BF16 的分词器与基座模型。同时设置 LoRA 适配器的输出目录,并将序列长度限制为 1024 个 token,以便在 24GB 显存的 GPU 上更易训练。

import torch
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

MODEL_ID = "nvidia/NVIDIA-Nemotron-3-Nano-4B-BF16"
OUTPUT_DIR = "./nemotron-3-nano-4b-bf16-psychology-qa-lora"
MAX_SEQ_LENGTH = 1024

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(
   MODEL_ID,
   token=hf_token,
   trust_remote_code=True,
   use_fast=True,
)

if tokenizer.pad_token is None:
   tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token

tokenizer.padding_side = "right"

base_model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
   MODEL_ID,
   token=hf_token,
   trust_remote_code=True,
   dtype=torch.bfloat16,
   device_map="auto",
   attn_implementation="eager",
)

base_model.config.use_cache = False
base_model.config.pad_token_id = tokenizer.pad_token_id
base_model.config.eos_token_id = tokenizer.eos_token_id
base_model.generation_config.pad_token_id = tokenizer.pad_token_id
base_model.generation_config.eos_token_id = tokenizer.eos_token_id
base_model.generation_config.use_cache = False
base_model.generation_config.do_sample = False
base_model.generation_config.top_p = None
base_model.generation_config.min_new_tokens = None
base_model.generation_config.repetition_penalty = 1.08
base_model.generation_config.no_repeat_ngram_size = 4

5. 创建生成辅助函数

在微调之前,我们将创建一些辅助函数来测试模型的回答。这些函数用于构建聊天提示、生成答案、移除不需要的思维标签,并将结果存储在一个小型对比表中。

import gc
import pandas as pd
from tqdm.auto import tqdm


def clear_cuda_cache():
   gc.collect()
   if torch.cuda.is_available():
       torch.cuda.empty_cache()


def build_messages(question, system_prompt=SYSTEM_PROMPT):
   return [
       {"role": "system", "content": system_prompt},
       {
           "role": "user",
           "content": USER_TEMPLATE.format(question=clean_text(question)),
       },
   ]


def remove_thinking_text(text):
   text = text.strip()
   while "<think>" in text and "</think>" in text:
       start = text.find("<think>")
       end = text.find("</think>", start) + len("</think>")
       text = (text[:start] + text[end:]).strip()

   if "</think>" in text:
       text = text.split("</think>")[-1].strip()

   return text.replace("<think>", "").replace("</think>", "").strip()


def generate_answer(
   model, tokenizer, question, system_prompt=SYSTEM_PROMPT, max_new_tokens=180
):
   messages = build_messages(question, system_prompt)
   device = next(model.parameters()).device

   inputs = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
       messages,
       tokenize=True,
       **CHAT_TEMPLATE_KWARGS,
       add_generation_prompt=True,
       return_dict=True,
       return_tensors="pt",
   )

   inputs = {key: value.to(device) for key, value in inputs.items()}
   input_len = inputs["input_ids"].shape[-1]

   with torch.no_grad():
       outputs = model.generate(
           **inputs,
           max_new_tokens=max_new_tokens,
           do_sample=False,
           use_cache=False,
           repetition_penalty=1.08,
           no_repeat_ngram_size=4,
           pad_token_id=tokenizer.pad_token_id,
           eos_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id,
       )

   decoded = tokenizer.decode(outputs[0][input_len:], skip_special_tokens=True).strip()

   return remove_thinking_text(decoded)


def generate_sample_table(model, tokenizer, examples, output_column):
   rows = []
   model.eval()

   for ex in tqdm(examples, desc=f"Generating {output_column}", leave=False):
       rows.append(
           {
               "question": clean_text(ex["question"]),
               "reference_response_j": clean_text(ex["response_j"]),
               output_column: generate_answer(model, tokenizer, ex["question"]),
           }
       )

   return pd.DataFrame(rows)

6. 微调前的样本评估

在训练前,我们先从基础的 Nemotron-3 模型生成若干回答,作为基线,以便之后与 LoRA 微调后的结果进行对比。

这里我们从测试集中选取三个样本,并使用先前创建的辅助函数生成答案。

sample_examples = [dataset["test"][idx] for idx in range(min(3, len(dataset["test"])))]

pre_samples = generate_sample_table(
   base_model,
   tokenizer,
   sample_examples,
   "base_model_answer"
)

pre_samples

输出是一个包含原始问题、response_j 中参考答案,以及基础模型生成答案的小表格。稍后我们会将其与微调模型的回答进行对比。

Pre-Fine-Tuning Sample Evaluation

7. 配置 LoRA 与训练参数

现在我们将为 LoRA 微调做好准备。先启用梯度检查点以降低显存占用,然后创建一个 LoRA 配置,目标覆盖模型中的所有线性层。

from peft import LoraConfig

base_model.gradient_checkpointing_enable()
base_model.config.use_cache = False

lora_config = LoraConfig(
   r=32,
   lora_alpha=64,
   lora_dropout=0.1,
   bias="none",
   task_type="CAUSAL_LM",
   target_modules="all-linear",
)

接着使用 SFTConfig 定义监督微调参数。这些设置控制批大小、学习率、训练轮数、评估频率、保存策略以及 BF16 训练等。

from trl import SFTConfig, SFTTrainer

training_args = SFTConfig(
   output_dir=OUTPUT_DIR,
   per_device_train_batch_size=8,
   per_device_eval_batch_size=8,
   gradient_accumulation_steps=8,
   learning_rate=5e-5,
   weight_decay=0.01,
   lr_scheduler_type="linear",
   warmup_ratio=0.05,
   num_train_epochs=2,
   logging_steps=50,
   eval_strategy="steps",
   eval_steps=50,
   save_strategy="steps",
   save_steps=100,
   save_total_limit=2,
   load_best_model_at_end=True,
   metric_for_best_model="eval_loss",
   greater_is_better=False,
   gradient_checkpointing=True,
   bf16=True,
   fp16=False,
   tf32=True,
   max_length=MAX_SEQ_LENGTH,
   packing=False,
   completion_only_loss=True,
   remove_unused_columns=False,
   dataloader_num_workers=4,
   optim="adamw_torch_fused",
   report_to="none",
   seed=SEED,
)

8. 训练并保存 LoRA 适配器

现在我们可以创建 SFTTrainer,附加 LoRA 配置并开始微调。训练前还将检查可训练参数数量,确认 LoRA 适配器已正确挂载。

trainer = SFTTrainer(
   model=base_model,
   args=training_args,
   train_dataset=sft_dataset["train"],
   eval_dataset=sft_dataset["validation"],
   peft_config=lora_config,
   processing_class=tokenizer,
)

trainable_params = sum(
   param.numel() for param in trainer.model.parameters() if param.requires_grad
)

all_params = sum(param.numel() for param in trainer.model.parameters())

if trainable_params == 0:
   raise RuntimeError(
       "No trainable LoRA parameters were attached. Check target_modules before training."
   )

print(f"Trainable LoRA parameters: {trainable_params:,}")
print(f"All parameters visible to trainer: {all_params:,}")
print(f"Trainable percentage: {100 * trainable_params / all_params:.4f}%")

train_result = trainer.train()

trainer.model.eval()
trainer.model.config.use_cache = False
trainer.model.generation_config.use_cache = False

train_result

训练过程中,训练损失与验证损失应当逐步下降,这通常表示模型正在学习数据集中的回复风格。

Fine-tuning results

训练结束后,将 LoRA 适配器与分词器保存到本地:

trainer.model.save_pretrained(OUTPUT_DIR)
tokenizer.save_pretrained(OUTPUT_DIR)

随后将微调后的适配器推送至 Hugging Face:

HUB_REPO_ID = "kingabzpro/nemotron-3-nano-4b-bf16-psychology-qa-lora"

trainer.model.push_to_hub(HUB_REPO_ID, private=False)
tokenizer.push_to_hub(HUB_REPO_ID, private=False)

此时,微调适配器已在本地保存,并以 HUB_REPO_ID 指定的名称上传至 Hugging Face。

Pushed the fine-tuned model to the Hugging Face : kingabzpro/nemotron-3-nano-4b-bf16-psychology-qa-lora

来源:kingabzpro/nemotron-3-nano-4b-bf16-psychology-qa-lora

9. 对比微调前后回答

最后,我们将从微调后的模型生成答案,并与基础模型输出进行对比,以观察 LoRA 微调是否提升了与参考答案的一致性。

post_samples = generate_sample_table(
   trainer.model,
   tokenizer,
   sample_examples,
   "fine_tuned_answer"
)

comparison = pre_samples[
   ["question", "reference_response_j", "base_model_answer"]
].merge(
   post_samples[["question", "fine_tuned_answer"]],
   on="question",
   how="left",
)

for idx, row in comparison.iterrows():
   print("=" * 100)
   print(f"Sample {idx + 1}")
   print("=" * 100)
   print("\nQUESTION:\n")
   print(row["question"])
   print("\nREFERENCE RESPONSE_J:\n")
   print(row["reference_response_j"])
   print("\nBASE MODEL ANSWER:\n")
   print(row["base_model_answer"])
   print("\nFINE-TUNED ANSWER:\n")
   print(row["fine_tuned_answer"])
   print("\n")

Comparing Responses Before and After Fine-Tuning

微调后的模型在参考答案风格上的一致性更高,更为简洁,并更贴近数据集答案。不过,基础模型有时会给出更详尽且更具可操作性的回复。

例如,在压力管理与注意力相关的问题上,微调模型的对齐度更好;但在与睡眠相关的示例中,基础模型因提供了更丰富的细节而表现更佳。

总体而言,如果您的目标是贴合参考数据集的风格,微调模型更合适;若追求最大化的帮助性,在某些情况下基础模型可能更优,因为它往往更温暖、细节更充分。

如运行上述代码遇到问题,请参考 Hugging Face 仓库中的笔记本:fine-tune-nemotron-nano.ipynb

总结思考

即使已经微调过 100+ 个 LLM,这个模型的环境搭建仍比预期更费工。主要挑战在于 mamba_ssm 依赖,它很容易与本地 Python 环境发生冲突或失效。

因此,我建议为此工作流使用干净的环境。就我而言,最省事的做法是重建环境、安装正确的 PyTorch 版本、固定 Mamba 相关包,然后再运行笔记本。

另一个限制是量化。在该设置下,我无法像标准 QLoRA 工作流那样直接以 4-bit 加载模型并进行微调(可参考我的 Qwen3.5 Small 教程)。我必须加载完整的 BF16 模型,再配合 LoRA 进行微调。对于 4B 模型,这在 24GB 显存的 GPU 上仍可管理;但对于 12B 及以上的模型,显存占用会迅速成为问题。

话虽如此,消费级 GPU 的微调已经更为触手可及。使用类似 RTX 3090 的 24GB 显卡,如今已经可以在无需大型训练集群的情况下,将强大的开源模型适配到特定风格或领域。

总体上,Nemotron-3 Nano 能力不俗,但需要谨慎的环境配置。一旦依赖就绪,微调效果良好,且只需相对较小规模的示例即可适应新的回复风格。

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