NumPy Cheat Sheet: Data Analysis in Python

You'll see that this cheat sheet covers the basics of NumPy that you need to get started: it provides a brief explanation of what the Python library has to offer and what the array data structure looks like, and goes on to summarize topics such as array creation, I/O, array examination, array mathematics, copying and sorting arrays, selection of array elements and shape manipulation.

NumPy arrays are often preferred over Python lists, and you'll see that selecting elements from arrays is very similar to selecting elements from lists.

Do you want to know more? Check out DataCamp's Python list tutorial. 

PS. Don't miss our other Python cheat cheets for data science that cover Scikit-Learn, Bokeh, Pandas and the Python basics. 

NumPy

The NumPy library is the core library for scientific computing in Python. It provides a  high-performance multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.  

Use the following improt convention:  

>>> import numpy as np

Numpy Arrays 

Creating Arrays 

>>> a = np.array([1,2,3])
>>> b = np.array([(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)], dtype = float)
>>> c = np.array([[(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)],[(3,2,1), (4,5,6)]], dtype = float)

Initial Placeholders 

>>> np.zeros((3,4)) #Create an array of zeros
>>> np.ones((2,3,4),dtype=np.int16) #Create an array of ones
>>> d = np.arange(10,25,5)#Create an array of evenly spaced values (step value)
>>> np.linspace(0,2,9) #Create an array of evenlyspaced values (number of samples)
>>> e = np.full((2,2),7)#Create a constant array
>>> f = np.eye(2) #Create a 2X2 identity matrix
>>> np.random.random((2,2)) #Create an array with random values
>>> np.empty((3,2)) #Create an empty array

I/O 

Saving & Loading on Disk 

>>> np.save('my_array' , a)
>>> np.savez( 'array.npz', a, b)
>>> np.load( 'my_array.npy')

Saving & Loading Text Files 

>>> np.loadtxt("myfile.txt")
>>> np.genfromtxt("my_file.csv", delimiter= ',')
>>> np.savetxt( "myarray.txt", a, delimiter= " ")

Asking For Help 

>>> np.info(np.ndarray.dtype)

Inspecting Your Array 

>>> a.shape #Array dimensions
>>> len(a)#Length of array
>>> b.ndim #Number of array dimensions
>>> e.size #Number of array elements
>>> b.dtype  #Data type of array elements
>>> b.dtype.name  #Name of data type
>>> b.astype(int). #Convert an array to a different type

Data Types 

>>> np.int64 #Signed 64-bit integer types
>>> np.float32. #Standard double-precision floating point
>>> np.complex. #Complex numbers represented by 128 floats
>>> np.bool  #Boolean type storing TRUE and FALSE values
>>> np.object #Python object type
>>> np.string_ #Fixed-length string type
>>> np.unicode_ #Fixed-length unicode type

Array Mathematics 

Arithmetic Operations 

>>> g = a - b. #Subtraction
   array([[-0.5,0. ,0.], [-3. , -3. , -3. ]])
>>> np.subtract(a,b) #Subtraction
>>> b + a #Addition 
  array([[ 2.5, 4. , 6.],[5. ,7. ,9. ]])
>>> np.add(b,a) #Addition 
>>> a/b #Division 
 array([[0.66666667,1. ,1.],[0.25 ,0.4 ,0.5 ]])
>>> np.divide(a,b) #Division 
>>> a * b #Multiplication 
  array([[1.5, 4. ,9.],[ 4. , 10. , 18. ]])
>>> np.multiply(a,b) #Multiplication 
>>> np.exp(b) #Exponentiation
>>> np.sqrt(b) #Square root
>>> np.sin(a)  #Print sines of an array
>>> np.cos(b) #Elementwise cosine
>>> np.log(a)#Elementwise natural logarithm
>>> e.dot(f) #Dot product 
 array([[7.,7.],[7.,7.]])

Comparison 

>>> a == b #Elementwise comparison

 array([[False , True, True],
             [ False,False ,False ]], dtype=bool)
>>> a< 2 #Elementwise comparison
   array([True, False, False], dtype=bool)
>>> np.array_equal(a, b) #Arraywise comparison

Copying Arrays 

>>>h = a.view()#Create a view of the array with the same data
>>> np.copy(a) #Create a copy of the array
>>>h = a.copy() #Create a deep copy of the array

Sorting Arrays 

>>> a.sort() #Sort an array
>>> c.sort(axis=0) #Sort the elements of an array's axis

Subsetting, Slicing, Indexing 

Subsetting

>>> a[2] #Select the element at the 2nd index
  3
>>> b[1,2] #Select the element at row 1 column 2(equivalent to b[1][2])
  6.0

Slicing

>>> a[0:2]#Select items at index 0 and 1
 array([1, 2])
>>> b[0:2,1] #Select items at rows 0 and 1 in column 1
  array([ 2.,5.])
>>> b[:1] 
#Select all items at row0(equivalent to b[0:1, :])
  array([[1.5, 2., 3.]])
 >>> c[1,...] #Same as[1,:,:]
 array([[[ 3., 2.,1.],[ 4.,5., 6.]]])
>>> a[ : : -1] #Reversed array a array([3, 2, 1])

Boolean Indexing 

>>> a[a<2] #Select elements from a less than 2
 array([1])

Fancy Indexing 

>>> b[[1,0,1, 0],[0,1, 2, 0]] #Select elements(1,0),(0,1),(1,2) and(0,0)
  array([ 4. , 2. , 6. ,1.5])
>>> b[[1,0,1, 0]][:,[0,1,2,0]] #Select a subset of the matrix’s rows and columns
 array([[ 4. ,5. , 6. , 4.],[1.5, 2. , 3. ,1.5],[ 4. ,5. , 6. , 4.],[1.5, 2. , 3. ,1.5]])

Array Manipulation 

Transposing Array 

>>> i = np.transpose(b) #Permute array dimensions
>>> i.T #Permute array dimensions

Changing Array Shape 

>>> b.ravel() #Flatten the array
>>> g.reshape(3, -2) #Reshape, but don’t change data

Adding/Removing Elements 

>>>h.resize((2,6)) #Return a new arraywith shape(2,6)
>>> np.append(h,g) #Append items to an array
>>> np.insert(a,1,5)  #Insert items in an array
>>> np.delete(a,[1])  #Delete items from an array

Combining Arrays 

>>> np.concatenate((a,d),axis=0) #Concatenate arrays
 array([1, 2, 3, 10, 15, 20])
>>> np.vstack((a,b) #Stack arrays vertically(row wise)
 array([[1. , 2. , 3.],[1.5, 2. , 3.],[ 4. ,5. , 6. ]])
>>> np.r_[e,f] #Stack arrays vertically(row wise)
>>> np.hstack((e,f)) #Stack arrays horizontally(column wise)
 array([[7.,7.,1.,0.],[7.,7.,0.,1.]])
>>> np.column_stack((a,d)) #Create stacked column wise arrays
 array([[1, 10],[ 2, 15],[ 3, 20]])
>>> np.c_[a,d] #Create stacked column wise arrays

Splitting Arrays 

>>> np.hsplit(a,3) #Split the array horizontally at the 3rd index
  [array([1]),array([2]),array([3])]
>>> np.vsplit(c,2) #Split the array vertically at the 2nd index
  [array([[[ 1.5, 2. ,1.],[ 4. ,5. , 6. ]]]),
   array([[[ 3., 2., 3.],[ 4.,5., 6.]]])]