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Environments
Environments are sections in a document that apply special behavior rules to the enclosed text.
\begin{environment-name}% environment contents\end{environment-name}
Equations
Description | Code | Output |
Insert inline equation with $ | The equation is $e=mc^2$ | |
Insert inline equation with \( | The equation is \(e=mc^2\) | |
Insert unnumbered equation with $$ | The equation is $$ e=mc^2 $$ | ![]() |
Insert unnumbered equation with \[ | The equation is \[ e=mc^2 \] | |
Insert numbered equation with \begin{equation} | \begin{equation} e=mc^2 \end{equation} | ![]() |
Document Structure
Preamble
Preamble content must appear before \begin{document}.
Define the document class with \documentclass.
\documentclass[options]{class}
Common class values
Class | Description |
article | Default class for composing an article. |
report | Typeset a multi-chapter report. |
book | A class for typesetting books. |
beamer | For producing presentations and slides. |
Common class options
Option | Default value | Available values |
fontsize | 11pt | 20pt, 12.5pt, etc. |
paper | a4, portrait | a3, letter, landscape |
toc | nolistof | listof, listofnumbered |
captions | tablebelow, figurebelow | tableabove, figureabove |
twocolumn | false | true |
Loading Packages
Load a package with \usepackage.
\usepackage[options]{package}
Common package examples
Functionality | Code |
Mathematical typesetting | \usepackage{amsmath} |
Set the text encoding | \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} |
Multilingual support | \usepackage[english, spanish, portuguese]{babel} |
Document
Include the entire document in a document environment.
\begin{document}% The complete document contents\end{document}
Title Page
Element | Code |
Title of document | \title{text} |
Author name | \author{text} |
Date | \date{\today} |
Generate the title page | \maketitle |
Content Listings
Element | Code |
Table of contents | \tableofcontents |
List of tables | \listoftables |
List of figures | \listoffigures |
Headings
Element | Code |
Chapter | \chapter{The Last Chapter} |
Section | \section{Conclusion} |
Subsection | \subsection{Final thoughts} |
Text Justification
Description | Code | Output |
Left align | \begin{flushleft} | On the left |
Center align | \begin{center} | In the middle |
Right align | \begin{flushright} | On the right |
Lists
Description | Code | Output |
Bulleted list | \begin{itemize} \item flour \item milk \item eggs \end{itemize} |
|
Numbered list | \begin{enumerate} \item Learn LaTeX \item ??? \item Profit \end{enumerate} |
|
Named elements in list | \begin{description} \item[datum] Single piece of information \item[data] Plural of datum \end{description} |
Text Mode
Formatting
Description | Code | Output |
Bold | \textbf{To boldly go} | |
Italic | \textit{Leaning Tower of Pisa} | |
Small caps | C\textsc{anidae} | ![]() |
Spaces
Description | Code | Output |
Thinnest space | very\,close | |
Thin space | quite\:close | |
Medium space | fairly\;close | |
1 em space | quite\quadfar | |
2 em space | very\qquadfar | ![]() |
Accents
Description | Code | Output |
Hat | \hat{a} | |
Bar | \bar{a} | |
Tilde | \tilde{a} | ![]() |
Math Mode
Mathematical Arithmetic Operators
Description | Code | Output |
Plus | 2 + 3 | |
Minus | 9 - 6 | |
Plus or Minus | \pm 1.53 | |
Multiplication (times) | 6 \times 7 | |
Multiplication (dot) | 6 \dot 7 | |
Division (slash) | 7 / 22 | |
Division (symbol) | 7 \div 22 | ![]() |
Numeric Comparison Operators
Description | Code | Output |
Equal | 1 + 2 = 3 | |
Not equal | 1 + 2 \ne 4 | |
Approximately equal | \pi \approx 3.14 | ![]() |
Less than | 6 < 7 | |
Less than or equal to | 6 \leq 7 | |
Greater than | 8 > 7 | |
Greater than or equal to | 8 \geq 7 |
Equations
Description | Code | Output |
Fraction | \frac{7}{22} | |
Square root | \sqrt{49} | |
Nth root | \sqrt[5]{243} | |
Subscript | x_{i} | |
Superscript | x^{3} | |
Absolute values | |x| | |
Natural logarithm | \ln(5) | |
Logarithm | \log_{2}8 | |
Exponential | \exp(x) | |
Sine, cosecant | \sin(x)=\frac{1}{csc(x)} | |
Cosine, secant | \cos(x)=\frac{1}{sec(x)} | |
Tangent, cotangent | \tan(x)=\frac{1}{cot(x)} |
Greek and Hebrew Letters
Description | Code | Output |
Lowercase delta | \delta | |
Uppercase delta | \Delta | |
Aleph | \Aleph |
Set Theory
Description | Code | Output |
Union | \cup | |
Intersection | \cap | |
Is a member of | \in | |
Empty set | \emptyset |
Logic Operators
Description | Code | Output |
Not | \neg A | ![]() |
And | A \land B | |
Or | A \lor B |