Java Operators

Java operators are special symbols that perform operations on variables and values. They are used to manipulate data and variables in expressions. Java provides a wide array of operators categorized into several types based on their functionality.

Types of Java Operators

• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Unary Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Ternary Operator

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations.

• + (Addition)
• - (Subtraction)
• * (Multiplication)
• / (Division)
• % (Modulus)

Example

int a = 10;
int b = 5;
System.out.println("Addition: " + (a + b));      // Output: 15
System.out.println("Subtraction: " + (a - b));   // Output: 5
System.out.println("Multiplication: " + (a * b));// Output: 50
System.out.println("Division: " + (a / b));      // Output: 2
System.out.println("Modulus: " + (a % b));       // Output: 0

Relational Operators

Relational operators are used to compare two values.

• == (Equal to)
• != (Not equal to)
• > (Greater than)
• < (Less than)
• >= (Greater than or equal to)
• <= (Less than or equal to)

Example

int a = 10;
int b = 5;
System.out.println(a == b); // Output: false
System.out.println(a > b);  // Output: true
System.out.println(a < b);  // Output: false

Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine multiple boolean expressions.

• && (Logical AND)
• || (Logical OR)
• ! (Logical NOT)

Example

boolean x = true;
boolean y = false;
System.out.println(x && y); // Output: false
System.out.println(x || y); // Output: true
System.out.println(!x);     // Output: false

Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

• = (Simple assignment)
• += (Add and assign)
• -= (Subtract and assign)
• *= (Multiply and assign)
• /= (Divide and assign)
• %= (Modulus and assign)

Example

int a = 10;
a += 5;  // Equivalent to a = a + 5
System.out.println(a); // Output: 15

Unary Operators

Unary operators operate on a single operand.

• + (Unary plus)
• - (Unary minus)
• ++ (Increment)
• -- (Decrement)

Example

int a = 10;
System.out.println(++a); // Output: 11
System.out.println(--a); // Output: 10

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on bits.

• & (Bitwise AND)
• | (Bitwise OR)
• ^ (Bitwise XOR)
• ~ (Bitwise NOT)
• << (Left shift)
• >> (Right shift)
• >>> (Unsigned right shift)

Example

int a = 5;  // Binary: 0101
int b = 3;  // Binary: 0011
System.out.println(a & b); // Output: 1 (Binary: 0001)

Ternary Operator

The ternary operator is a shorthand form of the if-else statement.

• ? : (Ternary)

Example

int a = 10;
int b = 5;
int max = (a > b) ? a : b;
System.out.println(max); // Output: 10

Tips and Best Practices

• Use Parentheses: Use parentheses to ensure the desired order of operations.
• Readable Code: Avoid complex expressions that can make the code less readable.
• Avoid Division by Zero: Always check for zero before performing division operations.
• Use Logical Operators with Care: Ensure logical operators are used correctly to avoid unexpected results.
• Bitwise Operations: Be cautious when using bitwise operators, especially with signed numbers.