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r programming

# Conditionals and Control Flow in R

Learn about relational operators for comparing R objects and logical operators for combining boolean TRUE and FALSE values. You'll also construct conditional statements.

## Introduction

### Relational Operators

Relational Operators or also known as comparators which help you see how one R-Object relates to another R-object. For example, you can check whether two objects are equal or not, which can be accomplished with the help of ==(double equal) sign. A logical operator which is TRUE on both sides, will return a logical value as TRUE since TRUE equals TRUE, as shown below.

TRUE == TRUE

TRUE


However, if you have TRUE on one side and FALSE on the other, you will get a logical value FALSE as an output.

TRUE == FALSE

FALSE


Apart from logical variables, you can check the equality of other types.

Let's compare strings and numbers.

100 == 100

TRUE

100 == 200

FALSE

'tutorial' == 'R'

FALSE

• The opposite of the equality operator is the inequality operator, which is given by !- sign (a combination of exclamation followed by equal to).

Now all the conditions which resulted in FALSE earlier, will turn TRUE, let's check it out!

100 != 200

TRUE

'tutorial' != 'R'

TRUE

TRUE != FALSE

TRUE


Similarly, the inequality operator can also be used for numerical and other R-Objects like matrices, vectors, and lists.

• What if you want to check whether given two R-Objects which one of them is greater or less than the other. Well, of course, you can, using simple < and > sign (less-than and greater-than sign).

Let's first see a numerical example.

2 > 10

FALSE

-200 < 0

TRUE


As you can see, it is self-explanatory why $2$ is not greater than $10$ or why $-200$ is less than $0$. But, what about strings or characters? Let's see how it can be achieved.

It looks like R gives preference to alphabetical order while deciding which string or character is greater than the other.

In the example below, as t comes after R as per the alphabetical order; hence, t is greater than R.

'tutorial' > 'RRRRRRRRR'

TRUE


It is important to note that in R and almost all programming languages, TRUE is numerically interpreted as 1 and FALSE as 0. So based on this analogy, TRUE will be greater than FALSE.

TRUE > FALSE

TRUE

• You can also check whether an R-object is greater than or equal to (>=) (or less than or equal to <=) another R-object. To achieve this, you can use the less than or equal to sign in combination with an equal sign. This means that if one of the two conditions (less than or equal to / greater than or equal to) is TRUE, then the complete condition will be TRUE.
5 >= 5 # 5 is not greater than 5 but is equal, hence, it returns TRUE.

TRUE

5 >= 10

FALSE


You can learn about R data types in this DataCamp tutorial. It shows that R is pretty good with handling lists, matrices, and vectors.

So can the R comparators handle the R vectors? Let's find out.

For example, you have a row-vector that has a record of the number of views you got on your recent datacamp tutorial in the last 10 days. Now, you want to find out which days you received more than or equal to 100 views. You can use the greater-than sign off-the-shelf.

datacamp_views <- c(100,20,5,200,60,88,190,33,290,64)

length(datacamp_views)

10

datacamp_views >= 100

1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. FALSE
4. TRUE
5. FALSE
6. FALSE
7. TRUE
8. FALSE
9. TRUE
10. FALSE

As you can see from the above output, for the first, fourth, seventh, and ninth, the results are TRUE, which on these days, the views were more than or equal to 100.

Similarly, you can also compare two vectors or even two matrices.

youtube_views <- c(10,20,1000,64,100,9,19,3,90,4)


So with this way, you can build a nice and simple application to find out when were your datacamp tutorial views more than your youtube video views or vice-versa.

How this works in R is that it compares the two vectors element-wise. For example, in the below output, if you consider the first element from both the vectors, you can see that the DataCamp views vector has a value of 100, which the other vector has a value 10, and hence, it returned TRUE.

datacamp_views > youtube_views

1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. FALSE
4. TRUE
5. FALSE
6. TRUE
7. TRUE
8. TRUE
9. TRUE
10. TRUE

Let's quickly compare to numerics. If you remember elementary mathematics, there is a rule known as BODMAS (or PEMDAS), which means bracket of division, multiplication, addition, and subtraction based on which any mathematical equation is solved. So, you will use the same rule to solve the below two R expressions.

-6 * 5 + 2 >= -10 + 1 #on left hand side multiplication will be done first and then addition as per BODMAS

FALSE


#### Compare matrices

R's ability to deal with different data structures for comparisons does not stop at vectors. Matrices and relational operators also work together seamlessly!

Instead of vectors (as in the previous example), the DataCamp and YouTube data are now stored in a matrix called views. The first row contains the DataCamp information; the second row the YouTube information. You will use R's inbuilt matrix function to create a matrix with the help of datacamp and youtube vectors created in the previous example.

datacamp_views <- c(100,20,5,200,60,88,190,33,290,64)

youtube_views <- c(10,20,1000,64,100,9,19,3,90,4)

views <- matrix(c(datacamp_views, youtube_views), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE)

views

 100 20 5 200 60 88 190 33 290 64 10 20 1000 64 100 9 19 3 90 4

Let's find out when were the views of both datacamp as well as youtube equal to 20.

views == 20

 FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE

Great! So you are done with understanding how relational operators work, now let's move on to logical operators.

### Logical Operators

R helps you in combining the results of relational operators by providing you following logical operators:

• AND ( & ) operator
• OR ( | ) operator
• NOT ( ! ) operator

Let's have a look at each one of them.

• AND operator: Like in any other programming language, the R's AND operator takes two logical values and returns TRUE only & only if both appear to be true else it returns false.
Let's look at some of the self-explanatory examples.

TRUE & TRUE # 1.1 = 1

TRUE

TRUE & FALSE # 1.0 = 0

FALSE

FALSE & FALSE # 0.0 = 0

FALSE

FALSE & TRUE # 0.1 = 0

FALSE


Similarly, instead of using logical values as above, you can use the results of comparators with these operators.

x <- 100

x < 200 & x >= 100  # since x is less than 200 but less than equal to 100, so it returns TRUE.

TRUE

x < 200 & x > 100 # this holds FALSE since the second comparison i.e. x greater than 100 is false.

FALSE

• OR Operator: The OR operator is quite similar to the AND operator. However, the only main difference is that here the overall OR expression is TRUE if either one of the logical values it uses is TRUE.
Let's look at some of the self-explanatory examples.

TRUE | TRUE # 1 + 1 = 1

TRUE

TRUE | FALSE # 1 + 0 = 0

TRUE

FALSE | FALSE # 0 + 0 = 0

FALSE

FALSE | TRUE # 0 + 1 = 0

TRUE


Let us use the same numerical example as used above, but this time the result should differ.

x <- 100

x < 200 | x > 100 # this holds TRUE since the first comparison i.e. x less than 100 is True.

TRUE

• NOT Operator: It's the most simple operator to understand, which just negates the logical operator it is applied on, or you can think of it as the opposite of the logical operator.

Let's look at some examples!

a = 1

!a # this returns false since not of a will be 0 which is FALSE.

FALSE

a = 0

!a #similar to the above example this return TRUE since a = 0 and not of a is 1.

TRUE


Let's look at some cases where the NOT operator can be helpful when dealing with R's in-built functions.

is.numeric(5) #returns TRUE since 5 is numeric

TRUE

!is.numeric(5) #not of the same will return FALSE

FALSE

is.numeric('aditya')

FALSE


The below example can be useful in a situation where you are dealing with a mix of numeric and string data, and you want to filter out the strings/characters from maybe a list and only keep numeric data.

!is.numeric('aditya')

TRUE


Finally, let's find out how logical operators function on vectors and matrices.

a <- c(FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)

b <- c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE)

a & b # AND operator

1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. FALSE
a | b # OR operator

1. TRUE
2. TRUE
3. FALSE

Based on the above two outputs, it is apparent that similar to vectors in relational operators. Logical operators also perform operations element-wise.

However, the NOT operator can only be applied on a single vector at a time or maybe on the result of two vectors.

!a

1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
!b

1. FALSE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE

In the example below, the NOT operator is outside the brackets, which means it is applied to the result of a and b. The below operator can also be termed as a NOR (Not-OR) operator.

!(a | b) # NOR operator

1. FALSE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE

Before moving on to conditional statements, let's do a small exercise.

You have the same datacamp tutorial views in a vector form that you had defined above. Let's extract the last element from it using R's tail method.

last <- tail(datacamp_views,1)
print (last)

[1] 64


Let's find out if the last element is under 100 or above 100.

last < 100 | last > 100

TRUE


Since the last element is under 100, one of the expression satisfies that, hence, it returned TRUE.

Let's move on to the final topic of this tutorial, i.e., conditional statements!

### Conditional Statements

Until now, you have already learned about relational operators, which tells you how R-Objects relate to each other and logical operators, which allow you to combine logical values. R provides you a way to combine all of these operators and use the result to change the behavior of your R scripts. With this, let's get into the if and else statements.

The syntax of the if condition is defined below: if(condition){ // expression } The if statement takes an input a condition ( inside parentheses ) which you can relate to a relational or some logical operator and if that condition is TRUE then the R code associated with the condition ( inside curly brackets ) is executed. Simple, isn't it?

Let's understand it with an example.

Suppose you have a variable x which equals to -10, now, you will put a condition which checks whether x is greater than zero and negates that with a NOT operator. Since the condition is TRUE, the R code inside the curly brackets will be executed.

x <- -10

if (!x > 0){
print("x is a negative number")
}

[1] "x is a negative number"


However, if you remove the NOT operator, then the condition will turn FALSE, and the code inside the curly brackets will not be executed.

if (x > 0){
print("x is a positive number")
}


Let's now understand the else statement with the help of a syntax. if(condition){ // expression1 }else{ // expression2 } Unlike the if statement, the else statement does not require an explicit condition with it, it has to be used in combination with the if statement. The R code associated with the else statement is executed only if the condition of the if statement is not TRUE.

Let's take the same if statement example to understand the else statement.

x <- -10

if (x > 0){
print("x is a positive number")
}else{
print("x is a negative number")
}

[1] "x is a negative number"


In the above example, since the if statement was not valid, hence, the else statement was executed.

Similar to if and else statement, you have else if statement which comes in between if and else statement. It is executed when the if statement condition is not satisfied. So, in short, the else statement is given the last priority. if(condition){ // expression1 }else if(condition){ // expression2 }else{ // expression3 }

x <- 0

if (x > 0){
print("x is a positive number")
}else if (x == 0){
print("x is zero")
}else{
print("x is a negative number")
}

[1] "x is zero"


Predominantly, one of the reasons we use the else if statement is when the condition at hand is not mutually exclusive, meaning they could occur at the same time. Let's look at it with an example.

x <- 12

if (x %% 3 == 0){
print("x is divisible by 3")
}else if (x %% 4 == 0){
print("x is divisible by 4")
}else{
print("x is neither divisible by 3 nor by 4")
}

[1] "x is divisible by 3"


In the above example, the if condition became TRUE, so R exits the control structure and does not go to the next statements even though the else if condition would evaluate to TRUE it didn't execute it. However, instead of else if statement if you would have used another if` condition, then even that would have been executed.

# Conclusion

Congratulations on finishing the tutorial.

This tutorial was a good starting point for beginners who are curious to learn the R programming language. As a good exercise, you might want to apply the relational and logical operators as conditions in the conditional statements.

There are still topics that are yet to be covered in R like Utilities in R and Machine Learning using R, which will be covered in the future tutorials, so stay tuned!